作为美国第一个历史学会, 我们的机构很荣幸, 特权, 以及建立和保管大量信件和各种其他信件的责任. 通过多年来收集这些物品, 纵观历史，邮政服务在保持公民利记手机官网方面的作用是显而易见的. Though it may be easier to maintain relationships in the digital age, mail delivery service is still a vital part of society from rural communities to those without reliable access to e-mail or social media. 也可以说，手写的便条会给人留下更持久的印象和温暖的感情! 美国的根源.S. 邮政服务作为一个美国机构，在我们国家的历史上发挥了重要作用, 增长, 和成功.
在殖民地建立邮局之前, “通讯员依靠朋友, 商人, 和印第安人传递信息.” [1] Mail could typically be left at inns 和 taverns for pick up 和 delivery, eventually the Crown 做了 institute a postal service for the colonies with Benjamin Franklin serving as joint Postmaster 创eral. Franklin was born in Boston 和 had a knack for gathering 和 circulating news 和 ideas through 杂志ism 和 publishing at an early age. 在他哥哥詹姆斯的手下工作 《利记手机官网》, 以“沉默·杜古德”的笔名写讽刺文章,“他总是挑战政治正确的极限. Though he had been appointed joint Postmaster by the Crown in 1753, 他最终在1774年因为同情殖民地的行为而被解职.” [1]
当然，在美国独立战争之后.S. 作为一个新国家建立了自己的制度. 美国的这一建立.S. 邮政服务 by the Second Continental Congress took place on 26 July 1775. Franklin revised the new organization 和 created an operational system from which our current postal service still functions today. [1]
地理景观 of All the Post Towns in the United States of America 和 Their Distances from Each Other 根据 Establishment of the Postmaster 创eral. (波士顿:1796) Many more important historical figures carried the title of Postmaster 创eral 和 helped the service reach the present day. Without Franklin’s successful design 和 influence on the postal service in the U.S., it is quite possible that our extensive collections would have been impacted with longer delivery times or lost mail. Explore the Society’s extensive collections of papers 和 letters.
[1] “Colonial Times; The 邮政服务 Begins.” 美国nited States 邮政服务: an American History, Government Relations, U.S. 邮政服务，2020年，页. 2–4.
By the mail of this day I have only time to submit for consideration a suggestion which has been made of the expediency of detaining the Indian chiefs as hostages. If their tribes should become hostile it is in my mind doubtful whether they may not be useful with their influence among them; if they are not hostile detaining them will give great cause of offence.
了解更多利记APP官网手机版这封信的历史背景, 我查了麦迪逊的文件. I wondered what had prompted Eustis’ suggestion 和 whether it was carried out. One source led me to another 和 another, I finally pieced the story together.
问问别人对1812年战争了解多少, you’ll probably hear of naval battles between the United States 和 Great Britain, 水手的印象, 以及华盛顿的大火, D.C. But Native Americans played an incredibly significant role in the war. 许多土著居民, fearing the further loss of their territories to the exp和ing United States 和 encroachments by white settlers, 决定与英国并肩作战. 伟大的肖尼族战士特库姆塞, 例如, 和他的兄弟Tenskwatawa, 领导了一个与英国结盟的多部落联盟.
When Madison 和 Eustis exchanged these letters in early September 1812, 他们正从底特律堡的毁灭性损失中挣扎. 创. 威廉·赫尔, 被英国军队和他们的印第安盟友欺骗，以为他的军队寡不敌众, 在8月16日交出了堡垒. 赫尔因这一行为而被骂为懦夫, President Madison received frantic letters from white settlers who feared that “savages” would sweep through the entire area.
就在底特律堡被围困的同时, 一个重要的会议正在皮夸以南200英里的地方进行, 俄亥俄州. Secretary of War Eustis had invited the chiefs of a number of tribes to meet with U.S. 委员们讨论一个可能的条约. 一些人接受了，但另一些人接受了 拒绝, distrusting the promises of the federal government 和 fearing the meeting was a pretense for taking more l和.
根据 1809-1815年韦恩堡印第安人代理处的信件簿 (p. 170), Piqua council convened “August 15 和 lasted for about three weeks.” That means it was these chiefs Eustis proposed taking as hostages in his letter to the president on September 7. 显然谈判进展不顺利.
Madison, quoted at the top of this post, was reluctant, but he 做了n’t rule it out. He wrote back, “The opinion of Clarke at least ought to [be] in favor of it. 大家知道吗??” Clark was none other than William Clark, of Lewis 和 Clark fame. 他当时担任美国总统.S. 印度事务驻圣. 路易斯,密苏里州. 克拉克可能否决了这个想法, 或者可能风险太大了, 因为这个计划从来没有执行过. 我没有找到其他的参考资料.
1812年的战争以《利记手机官网》结束, which essentially returned the United States 和 Great Britain to the pre-war status quo. 但是土著人民的领土权利在谈判桌上被放弃了. The British troops withdrew, American expansion continued unabated.
I would urge anyone interested in the history of Native American treaties to read 这个请愿书 我在网上浏览麦迪逊报纸时发现的. Submitted to Madison on 5 February 1812 by representatives of the Wy和ot Nation, it’s a heartbreaking plea for the preservation of the tribe’s ancestral territory, 其中大部分已经被割让给了美国.S. 听说他们可能会失去所剩无几的土地, 请愿者写道, “We, 的Wy和otts, 现在是一个小国吗. 除非你怜悯我们，否则我们很快就会被遗忘.”
The Wy和ots were forcibly removed to a reservation in Kansas in 1843.
我也想起了MHS的收藏 草图 由夏安族和基奥瓦族囚犯于1877年制作. 这些人被美国军方关押.S. 马里恩堡军事基地, 佛罗里达, for the same reason William Eustis gave 65 years before: to prevent uprisings. 虽然他们是在悲惨的环境中诞生的, 这些画很漂亮, 你可以在网上看到所有的视频 在我们的网站上.
Richard Saltonstall, 丘比特和乌龟， 1858-1868, marble, 75.3 x 64 x 38.5 cm. 来自马萨诸塞州历史学会的藏品.
这个雕塑, 位于MHS的阅览室, 丘比特坐在一只移动的乌龟背上. 他的手腕和脚踝被一根绳子绑着，他望向远方. 这座雕塑背后的艺术家是19世纪的雕塑家理查德·索尔顿斯托尔·格里诺, 他出生在波士顿，年轻时搬到意大利从事雕刻事业. Italy was a popular choice for expatriate sculptors due to the abundance of marble quarries 和 numerous skilled craftsmen.[i] 在美国学习雕塑是一项挑战，因为大多数雕塑都是实用主义的, 比如墓碑和风向标. 美国艺术家, 比如理查德·格里诺和他的哥哥, 荷瑞修, were among the early artists who introduced Neoclas原文如此al sculpture to the States. 新古典主义艺术在罗马诞生，是在19世纪早期发现庞贝等古代遗址之后. 在这些考古发现之后,re was a resurgence of interest in clas原文如此al antiquity 和 many artists began creating works that emulated the art from ancient Rome 和 Greece.
这尊丘比特雕像无疑是一件新古典主义的艺术品, 它经常以希腊和罗马神话为题材. 格里诺通常雕刻肖像. In 丘比特和乌龟， 丘比特是艾米·肖·沃伦的肖像. The portrait is based on 草图 Greenough made of Warren when she was three years old. 新古典主义艺术经常把肖像和神话混合在一起, presenting someone in the guise of a mythological figure could help convey a story or ideas about them to a viewer. 丘比特是一个合适的选择，用于一个孩子的肖像, 因为他通常被描绘成一个婴儿或小男孩.
图2. Richard Saltonstall, 丘比特和乌龟， 1858-1868, marble, 75.3 x 64 x 38.5 cm. 来自马萨诸塞州历史学会的藏品.
Cupid is often used in art to suggest the state of love between other figures in the work. 被束缚的丘比特可能代表某人对爱情的支配, 或者是两个人之间日渐凋零的浪漫. 但在这里，丘比特是孤独的，除了乌龟. 也许丘比特因为恶作剧而受到惩罚，这是神话中另一个常见的故事. Someone could have tied up Cupid as a punishment 和 then placed him on the back of a tortoise to be sent home to his mother, 金星. 不管, Greenough provides the viewer with no visual cues that could explain why Cupid is bound by the wrists 和 ankles 和 sitting on a tortoise. 而不是, Greenough places the focus on individual elements of the sculpture such as the portrait of Amy Shaw Warren 和 the beautifully detailed tortoise. It is the choice of the viewer to fill in their own interpretations of why exactly Cupid is being carried away by a tortoise.
[i] Tolles T. (2004年10月). 美国新古典主义雕塑家. 检索自2020年7月8日，http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ambl/hd_ambl.htm
We are pleased to announce the fellowship winners for the 2020-2021 academic cycle. 每年, Research Department at the MHS administers roughly a quarter million dollars in research support to help scholars from all career stages access our remarkable collections. 这些 奖学金 range from short-term funding (4-8 weeks) to long-term residency (4 to 12 months).
This incoming cohort of fellows explores an exciting variety of topics. 它们的范围从边境地区的环境历史, 将使, 城市规划, 货物和动物的流通, 到酷儿艺术和文学的文化史, 神圣的音乐, 还有风景画. 另一些则深入研究废奴主义和选举权的历史, 帝国主义扩张的历史, 迁移, 和全球化. Still others are exploring the histories of 书s, imprints, manuscripts.
艾莉森·帕帕斯博士.D. 候选人, 布朗大学, “‘Light as a Recording Agent of the Past’: The Temporal Register in Astronomical Photography at the Harvard College Observatory”
Patrick Parr, 独立学者, Lakel和 University of Japan, “Malcolm Before X”
艾丽莎·彼得森博士.D. 学生, 德克萨斯大学, 奥斯丁, “‘And the Vapours at that time belcht forth from the Earth into the Air’: How Earthquakes Caused Disease in the Long Eighteenth Century”
斯蒂芬•卡特, 助理教授, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs (Marc Friedlaender Fellowship), “亚当斯ian Afterlives: Thinking American Pasts in a Post-American World”
德温·科尔曼博士.D. 候选人, University of Iowa (Military Historical Society of Massachusetts Fellowship), “Black 内战 Veterans 和 the Fight for Community in the Midwest”
本杰明·雷米勒德博士.D. 学生，新罕布什尔大学(Benjamin F. 史蒂文斯奖学金), “‘In Reduced Circumstances’ Yet Civically Engaged: The Activism of Southern New Engl和’s Revolutionary War Veterans of Color”
Makiki Reuvers博士.D. 候选人，宾夕法尼亚大学(C. 康拉德 & 伊丽莎白H. 赖特奖学金), 《帝国的尸体:政治, 宗教, Corporeal Makings of Subjecthood in Seventeenth-Century New Engl和”
汉娜·施密特博士.D. 学生, 缅因大学(殖民战争学会奖学金), “Identities Held Captive: Geography 和 Forced Migration in the Captivity Narratives of the Colonial Northeast”
艾琳娜·斯科特博士.D. 学生，德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校(Andrew W. 梅隆的), 《一个请愿和祈祷的理由:宗教, 公民身份, 以及土著请愿的自治权, 1800-1850”
达西·史蒂文斯博士.D. 学生, University of Maine (Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati Fellowship), “Conceptions of Neutrality During the 美国革命 in the Northeast Borderl和s”
阿琳·塔奇曼，范德比尔特大学教授. 梅隆研究员)，“成瘾家族疾病的历史”
埃文·图里亚诺博士.D. 候选人, City University of New York (African American Studies Fellowship), 《奔向废奴:逃亡的奴隶, 合法权益, 以及内战的到来
《约翰·亚当斯文集》 卷20, spans a formative era in the development of our federal government, 从1789年6月到1791年2月. We used 301 documents to tell the legislative story of the first federal Congress, foregrounding 约翰·亚当斯’s creation of the office of the vice presidency amid the nation’s struggle to implement the new U.S. 宪法. 北卡罗莱纳和罗德岛的例外情况是一再推迟批准宪法, 国会进行了三次繁忙的辩论. Meeting for the first time in 纽约市’s half-built Federal Hall, congressmen tussled over how to collect revenue 和 w在这里 to locate the national capital. 他们花了数周的时间来填补职位空缺，并设立了国家、财政和战争等关键部门. 约翰·亚当斯(约翰·亚当斯)一贯坦率的评论直接揭示了首届国会面临的挑战.
Equally perplexing—和 challenging—to 约翰·亚当斯 was the scope of his new federal role. 美国.S. 宪法 said little about what a vice president’s powers were, 因此，亚当斯基本上只能独自解释这一指控. Here’s what we learn in his letters: From his earliest days in office, 亚当斯为副总统的权力划出了明确的界限. 他向乔治·华盛顿递交了大量的赞助请求. 亚当斯集中精力主持参议院, 在党派冲突日益加剧的情况下，他在哪里断绝了几条重要关系. 整体, 亚当斯 found his Senate duties “Somewhat severe—sitting just in the same place, 每天有那么多的时间.尽管他可能会对日常的政治琐事发脾气, 亚当斯 was optimistic about the “National Spirit” of his colleagues, who were constructing the tripartite federal government that he had long envisioned. 联盟能否维持下去, 因为地区利益一再阻碍国会的行动, 仍然是亚当斯最关心的问题. 就像他告诉一个朋友的那样, “T在这里 is every Evidence of good Intentions on all sides but t在这里 are too many Symptoms of old Colonial Habits: 和 too few, 伟大的民族观点.”
阿奇博尔德罗伯逊, “View up Wall Street with City Hall (Federal Hall) 和 Trinity Church, 纽约市,” ca. 1798
在第20卷中，约翰·亚当斯和他的家人住在纽约市，在书的最后，他们住在费城. After a decade in Europe 和 a few months of semi-retirement in rural Quincy, 亚当斯适应了新的习惯. 他信任的常驻记者圈子发生了变化. For example, in 卷20, 亚当斯-Jefferson correspondence recedes. 我们看到更多的交流与博士. 本杰明·拉什，亨利·马尚，约翰·特朗布尔，还有副总统的儿子，约翰·昆西. 忙着整理他的 利记APP官网手机版达维拉的论述 1790年春天, 约翰·亚当斯 renewed old 朋友ships on the page 和 reflected on his law career. I want to emphasize 在这里 that every 亚当斯的论文 volume is foundational. 我们特别感谢《 法律文件, who have helped us to identify 亚当斯’ allusions, reflections, rivals at the bar.
是时候让我们抢先看看了! 我们在第20卷中发表的最引人注目的一封信是本杰明·富兰克林的最后一封信, 二月九日, 1790, 致他的革命伙伴和前同事. For longtime readers of the 亚当斯的论文 和 fans of American history, 这封信为一段难以驾驭的友谊划上了迷人的句号. 富兰克林附上1790年2月5日的一封信 詹姆斯·彭伯顿, 一位著名的费城贵格会教徒和反奴隶制活动家, 以及1790年2月3日来自 宾夕法尼亚废奴协会. The Society asked Congress for the abolition of slavery 和 an end to the slave trade. 而亚当斯从未给富兰克林回信, vice president 做了 heed the request 和 laid the petition before the Senate. 尽管争论激烈, 国会没有对亚当斯所说的“贵格会请愿书”采取实质性行动.”
约翰·亚当斯，《亡灵对话》，约. 1790年4月22日，亚当斯论文，马萨诸塞历史学会
但是约翰·亚当斯 做了 停下来反思一下本杰明·富兰克林的逝世. 就像他的 利记APP官网手机版达维拉的论述 began to appear in the American press, 亚当斯’s writing took a more fanciful turn. 富兰克林死后, 亚当斯在一个有趣的小品中纪念了这一里程碑, 题目是“死者的对话”.我们在约翰·亚当斯的论文中看不到很多“创造性写作”，所以这是一次独特的对待. 亚当斯’s scene stars a cast of characters in conversation [Charlemagne, 詹姆斯·奥蒂斯, 让-雅克·卢梭, Frederick II (the Great)] as they await Franklin’s arrival in the afterlife.
Though it seemed like a quirky choice for the author of serious works like the 国防《利记手机官网》, 亚当斯’ sardonic salute showed his Harvard-trained clas原文如此al roots. In content 和 style, 亚当斯 emulated the Syrian satirist Lucian of Samosata’s 亡灵对话. 亚当斯 riffed on Franklin’s science experiments 和 took a few jabs at his statesmanship. He observed that Franklin “told some very pretty moral Tales from the head—和 Some very immoral ones from the heart.这是一篇轻松而多彩的文章, 亚当斯 certainly worked hard to get it right; the manuscript bears plenty of his edits 和 deletions. We are proud that 约翰·亚当斯’s previously unpublished “亡灵对话,” along with a previously unpublished draft for a 33rd essay intended for his 利记APP官网手机版达维拉的论述，都将出现在第20卷.
The 亚当斯的论文 editorial project 在马萨诸塞州历史学会 gratefully acknowledges the generous support of our sponsors. 主要资金由 国家人文基金会, 国家历史出版记录委员会以及帕卡德人文学院. 弗洛伦斯·古尔德基金会和一些私人捐助者也提供了重要的支持. All 亚当斯的论文 volumes are published by 哈佛大学 Press.
1813年3月30日，保罗·汉密尔顿写信给他在波士顿的朋友和前同事威廉·尤斯蒂斯. Both men had been serving in the Cabinet of President James Madison at the start of the War of 1812 just nine months before, 汉密尔顿担任海军部长尤斯蒂斯担任战争部长. 但在写这封信的时候，两人都辞职了.
3月30日保罗·汉密尔顿致威廉·尤斯蒂斯的信. 1813
I found an extensive 传记 of Paul Hamilton, particularly his early years, in the 南卡罗来纳州高等教育史 (pp. 127-133). 他是南卡罗来纳人, born in 1762 和 the only one of his parents’ three children to live past the age of five. He fought with the state militia in the 美国革命 while still a teenager. 从1785年开始, 他担任过几个公职, 在1804年被选为州长之前，他在南卡罗莱纳的立法机构担任了几届议员. 他是一个水稻种植者和奴隶贩子.
他于1809年升任联邦政府官员, 当时他被麦迪逊总统任命为海军部长. 不到四年后，汉密尔顿后悔接受了这份工作. He wrote this letter to Eustis while the resignations of both men were still fresh.
We rejoice at the degree of contentment which your letter discloses as having relation to your retirement to 私人 life, 在这种状态下，我们的地球上才能找到幸福, 只有在那里才能见到它. Would to God that I had learned sooner the verity of this Doctrine, 在这种情况下, I would not have been tempted to leave my peaceful tranquil home for the possession of the place I lately held under the general government, tenure of which (I have experienced) was but chaff before the breath of calumny whispering in the ear of Timidity.
诚然，这是一个折磨人的比喻，但他的痛苦是显而易见的. 那么到底出了什么问题呢?
根据国家档案馆 创始人在线, Secretary of the Navy Hamilton “was increasingly beset by rumors of alcoholism, 记录保存不严, 聘用不合格人士, 奢侈的合同.传记作家小雷蒙德·沃尔特斯说. 在他的1957年 书利记APP官网手机版内阁成员阿尔伯特·加拉廷的事. He calls both William Eustis 和 Paul Hamilton “amiable incompetents” (p. 251). 杰夫·布罗德沃特，2012年 传记 詹姆斯·麦迪逊, 说，“尤斯蒂斯和汉密尔顿在内阁中提供了部门平衡，除此之外就没有什么了。. 147). 显然，麦迪逊总统 会见汉密尔顿 两次向他表达了对他管理部门的担忧，实际上是向他施压，要求他辞职.
In a field in which you 和 I once held a place,re is not much of Harmony. 冰、油、醋 & 芥末永远不能形成健康的[原文如此混凝土，用于任何世俗的目的.
摘自保罗·汉密尔顿的信
现在汉密尔顿发现自己被排挤在外了，他对此感到厌恶. 世界上发生了这么多事, he was no longer entitled to 特权d information 和 could only repeat gossip. Who would be appointed minister to Russia to negotiate the end of the war? 他的猜测和其他人一样准确.
汉密尔顿在华盛顿写了这封信.C., while he waited for the roads to become passable enough for his trip home. 他的下一步是不确定的. Madison had nominated him as Commissioner of Loans for South Carolina, 但他不愿意接受. 他对政府产生了反感, 但承认了这2美元,000 salary would help pay for the education of his younger children. (He 和 his wife had eight children, youngest of whom was only eight.)当他考虑未来时, 他说:“我们是偶然性的产物, 这样写是对的, 谁也不知道一日要生何事.’”
最终，这个决定是由他做出的. 美国.S. Senate rejected his appointment, Hamilton retired to 私人 life after all. 1816年，他在自己的种植园里去世，享年53岁.
Hamilton’s tenure as Secretary of the Navy was not a complete failure. 他尤其以《利记APP官网手机版》的段落而闻名 设立海军医院法 in 1811, 是哪个国家拨款为海员建造第一批永久性医疗设施.
For more on Paul Hamilton, I recommend this small collection of his 私人文件 由南卡罗来纳大学图书馆数字化. 当然, 你可以阅读这封信的其余部分，以及其他写给威廉·尤斯蒂斯和他妻子卡罗琳的信 在MHS网站上.
